![]() 1, the oscillation after the second shift “B” was well-reproduced. When the data in Fig. 1 B were fit by Eq. When the total impulse at O f is well-defined, fsLP-IF can be used to estimate the force required to break intercellular adhesions in a noncontact manner under biologically relevant conditions. The impulses needed to break leukocyte–endothelial and interepithelial interactions, which were calculated based on the geometrical relationship between O f and the adhesive interface, were on the order of 10 -13 and 10 -12 N-s, respectively. The fsLP-IF was used to break intercellular contacts in two biologically relevant cultures: a coculture of leukocytes seeded over on an endothelial cell monolayer, and a polarized monolayer culture of epithelial cells. These results suggest that fsLP-IF can be used to break intermolecular and intercellular interactions and estimate the adhesion strength. The force also broke the interactions between streptavidin-coated microspheres and a biotin-coated substrate with a measurement error of approximately 7%. This impulsive force broke adhesion molecule-mediated intercellular interactions in a manner that depended on the adhesion strength that was estimated by the cell aggregation assay. Based on the magnitude of the vibration and the geometrical relationship between O f and the cantilever, the fsLP-IF generated at O f was calculated as a unit of impulse. In this study, an fsLP-IF was reflected in the vibratory movement of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever. This force can detach individual adherent cells without causing considerable cell damage. Support Reactions - Equilibrium - Static equilibrium is achieved when the resultant force and resultant moment equals to zero.When a femtosecond laser pulse (fsLP) is focused through an objective lens into a culture medium, an impulsive force (fsLP-IF) is generated that propagates from the laser focal point ( O f) in a micron-sized space.Rolling Resistance - Rolling friction and rolling resistance.Projectile Range - Calculate the range of a projectile - a motion in two dimensions.Kinetic Energy - Energy possessed by an object's motion is kinetic energy.Jet Propulsion - Calculate the propulsive discharge force or thrust induced by an incompressible jet flow.Impact Force - Impact forces acting on falling objects hitting the ground, cars crashing and similar cases.Formulas of Motion - Linear and Circular - Linear and angular (rotation) acceleration, velocity, speed and distance.Force Ratio - The force ratio is the load force versus the effort force.Flywheels - Kinetic Energy - The kinetic energy stored in flywheels - the moment of inertia.Speed and Time - Calculator and Chart - Velocity plotted in time used diagram. Conservation of Momentum - The momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity - recoil calculator.Car - Required Power and Torque - Power, torque, efficiency and wheel force acting on a car.Angular Motion - Power and Torque - Angular velocity and acceleration vs.Mechanics - Forces, acceleration, displacement, vectors, motion, momentum, energy of objects and more.Dynamics - Motion - velocity and acceleration, forces and torque. ![]() Then the velocity of the car after 10 s can be calculated as The impulse - or change in momentum - can be calculated I = impulse (N s) Example - resulting Velocity after an Acting ForceĪ force 1000 N is acting on a car with mass 1000 kg in 10 second. The impulse is equal to the change of momentum caused by the impulsive force and can be expressed as The product of the impulsive force and the time it acts is called the impulse. (1) can alternatively be expressed asĬhange in momentum is force times acting time.įorces that act for a very short time are called impulse forces. According to Newton's Second Law of Motion - force can be expressed asĭM = change of momentum (kg m/s, lb ft/s)Įq.
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